Guidance, ideas and examples to support schools in developing their curriculum, pedagogy, enrichment and support for more able learners, within a whole-school context of cognitively challenging learning for all. Includes ideas to support curriculum development, and practical examples, resources and ideas to try in the classroom. Popular topics include: curriculum development, enrichment, independent learning, questioning, oracy, resilience, aspirations, assessment, feedback, metacognition, and critical thinking.
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Posted By Misba Mir,
03 March 2026
Updated: 23 February 2026
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Deputy Headteacher Misba Mir explains why and how Carlton Junior and Infant School has developed an “idiom curriculum” to enhance learners’ understanding and use of figurative language across the school.
The idiom curriculum at Carlton Junior and Infant School has been designed to systematically develop pupils’ spoken language, reading comprehension and writing skills from Reception through to Year 6.
Why teach idioms?
Idioms and figurative expressions are commonly used in everyday classroom interactions and texts, yet their meanings are often not transparent. The explicit teaching of idioms supports pupils’ understanding that language can be used both literally and figuratively. This is particularly important for younger pupils and those developing early language skills, as idiomatic expressions frequently appear in stories, classroom discourse and wider reading material. Without direct teaching, idioms can present a barrier to comprehension. Regular exposure and discussion allow pupils to access texts more confidently and engage meaningfully with language-rich learning opportunities.
At our school, this focus on idiomatic language is particularly important as a significant proportion of pupils speak English as an additional language (EAL) and enter school with limited expressive and receptive vocabulary. Without explicit teaching, pupils with EAL are at risk of misunderstanding instructions, narratives and teacher modelling.
What makes an effective “idiom curriculum”?
The idiom curriculum developed at Carlton Junior and Infant School ensures that idiomatic language is taught deliberately, in context and through repeated exposure, enabling pupils to develop a secure understanding over time. By introducing three idioms per year group and revisiting them regularly, the curriculum ensures that pupils build secure, cumulative knowledge of figurative language, which is a key component of language comprehension and fluency.
The curriculum is carefully sequenced to ensure progression. In the early years and Key Stage 1, idioms are introduced through practical, visual and oral activities that support understanding and vocabulary acquisition. As pupils move through Key Stage 2, they are encouraged to apply idioms in context, explore shades of meaning and consider how figurative language enhances effect and audience engagement in both spoken and written work. This progression reflects Ofsted’s emphasis on a coherently planned curriculum that builds knowledge over time.
The weekly inclusion of idiom teaching at the start of English lessons promotes regular retrieval and application. Recapping previously taught idioms each term strengthens long-term memory and supports pupils in making connections between new and prior learning. This approach aligns with evidence-informed practice and Ofsted’s focus on learning that is remembered and used fluently.
How does this support more able learners?
For more able learners, the idiom curriculum provides valuable opportunities for depth and challenge. These pupils are encouraged to analyse idioms, compare expressions with similar meanings, consider cultural and historical origins, and experiment with figurative language in their own writing. This allows more able learners to deepen their understanding of language structure and meaning, rather than simply accelerating through content. Such opportunities support higher-level thinking, precise vocabulary use and stylistic awareness, all of which are essential for advanced literacy outcomes.
Overall, this idiom curriculum supports high expectations for all pupils, promotes rich language development and ensures equitable access to figurative language. It contributes to pupils becoming articulate, confident communicators who can understand and use language effectively across the curriculum, in line with Ofsted’s expectations for quality of education and ambition for every learner.
NACE members can view Carlton Junior and Infant School’s idiom curriculum here.
About the author
Misba Mir is a Deputy Headteacher, English Lead and Year 6 Teacher at Carlton Junior and Infant School, West Yorkshire, with over 14 years of teaching experience. She leads on curriculum development and school-wide challenge, ensuring high standards, ambition and engagement for all pupils. Misba is passionate about fostering a positive learning culture, supporting staff development, and preparing pupils for success academically, socially and emotionally. Carlton Junior and Infant School has held the NACE Challenge Award since 2020 and is an active member of the NACE community.
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Posted By Siobhan Whittaker,
03 March 2026
Updated: 02 March 2026
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Siobhan Whittaker, Assistant Headteacher (Teaching and Learning), Greenbank High School
In the pace of a busy school day, the final minutes of a lesson can easily slip away. Yet these moments are some of the most powerful in shaping learning. A strong finish is not simply a tidy conclusion; it is a crucial opportunity to reinforce understanding, assess progress, and prepare students for what comes next. When used intentionally, these closing moments can transform the effectiveness of a lesson and significantly improve long term retention.
Cognitive science highlights the primacy–recency effect, which shows that students remember the beginning and end of a learning episode more vividly than the middle. This means that the final minutes of a lesson are prime real estate for learning. When these moments are rushed or lost to packing away, transitions, or low level disruption, we miss a vital opportunity to consolidate knowledge. Just five minutes lost at the end of each lesson equates to 25 minutes a week – the equivalent of an entire lesson every fortnight.
Memory research reinforces this point, demonstrating how easily learning fades without structured consolidation. Strong finishes help students reflect, retain, and transfer knowledge into long term memory. They also provide teachers with essential formative assessment opportunities, enabling responsive planning and targeted intervention.
Effective end of lesson routines are not simply organisational tools; they are pedagogical tools. Predictable structures reduce anxiety, support emotional regulation, and help students focus. When students know what to expect, they can transition smoothly into reflection and retrieval. Routines also reduce cognitive load by automating procedural tasks, freeing up mental space for learning. This is particularly important for students with SEND, who benefit from clarity, consistency, and reduced ambiguity.
As Tom Bennett reminds us, behaviour must be taught, not assumed. Routines explicitly teach students how to behave and engage, minimising disruption and supporting inclusion. A well designed ending signals that learning matters right up to the final second. It reinforces that the classroom is a purposeful space where expectations are upheld consistently.
Reflecting on our own practice is key.
- How do we end our lessons?
- Are routines embedded and understood by all?
- Do they support students with early passes, sensory needs, or additional vulnerabilities?
- Do they reinforce our school values and expectations?
Strong finishes are not optional extras. They are essential tools for effective teaching and learning. By embedding purposeful routines and designing meaningful closing tasks, we can maximise the impact of every lesson and support our students in becoming confident, reflective learners.
Designing purposeful endings
A strong finish is more than a wrap up. It is a strategic moment that can deepen understanding, correct misconceptions, and prepare students for future learning. Thoughtful planning of these final minutes can transform classroom practice and boost student outcomes.
There are four key components to a strong finish:
- Progress and application of learning
- Addressing misconceptions
- Resetting the classroom space
- Managing dismissal
Each plays a vital role in reinforcing learning and setting the tone for what comes next.
1. Progress and application of learning
Progress tasks allow students to reflect on what they’ve learned. These can be independent or collaborative and should extend thinking rather than simply summarise content. Examples include:
- A short retrieval question
- A “one thing I learned today” reflection
- A mini whiteboard response
- A quick application task or hinge question.
Teachers can use this time to circulate, observe, and respond to student needs. This helps identify what has been understood and what requires further attention. It also builds metacognitive awareness, helping students recognise their own progress.
2. Addressing misconceptions
Misconceptions often surface at the end of a lesson. Targeted questions or quick assessments can uncover misunderstandings. Daisy Christodoulou’s approach of asking one key question is a simple yet powerful way to check comprehension and inform future planning. This ensures that gaps are addressed promptly rather than carried into the next lesson.
3. Resetting the classroom space
The physical environment matters. Resetting the space reinforces respect for the learning environment and prepares it for the next group. It provides a clear routine that students can follow, promoting calm and order. Delegating responsibilities to students can build ownership, develop leadership skills, and reward positive behaviour.
4. Managing dismissal
Dismissal routines are crucial for safety and control. A structured exit signals the end of the lesson and ensures that students leave calmly and purposefully. It also allows the teacher to maintain control of the space and prepare for the next class. Students should not be queuing at the door or wandering corridors before the bell. A calm dismissal sets the tone for the next transition and supports whole school behaviour expectations.
Doug Lemov’s Teach Like a Champion offers practical strategies for strong finishes, including summarising key points, previewing the next lesson, using exit tickets, and incorporating reflection. Each strategy helps students consolidate learning and stay engaged.
Aligning with Greenbank’s classroom principles
At Greenbank High School, our classroom principles emphasise engagement, inclusion, and respect. A strong finish aligns with these values by:
- Promoting student agency
- Supporting diverse needs
- Reinforcing high expectations
- Embedding routines that create calm, purposeful learning environments.
Retrieval practice, responsive feedback, and digital competencies all play a role in making the end of a lesson meaningful. Strong finishes also support our wider curriculum intent by ensuring that learning is coherent, cumulative, and connected.
Conclusion
Designing purposeful endings is a powerful way to enhance teaching and learning. By focusing on progress, addressing misconceptions, managing the classroom space, and ensuring smooth dismissal, teachers can make every minute count. Strong finishes are not just about ending well – they are about preparing students to begin again with confidence, clarity, and curiosity.
Additional resources
We shared many of the ideas discussed in this blog post in a series of staff CPD sessions – available to explore below (NACE member login required):
Research base
- Ebbinghaus (1885) – The forgetting curve demonstrates how quickly information decays without structured review, reinforcing the need for purposeful end‑of‑lesson consolidation.
- Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) – The multi‑store model of memory highlights the importance of rehearsal and retrieval in transferring learning to long‑term memory.
- Murdock (1962) – Research on the primacy–recency effect shows that students remember the beginning and end of learning episodes most clearly.
- Sweller (1988) – Cognitive Load Theory emphasises the need for predictable routines to reduce unnecessary cognitive strain and support working memory.
Formative assessment & misconceptions
- Daisy Christodoulou – Advocates for precise, well‑designed questions to identify misconceptions and strengthen understanding.
- Black & Wiliam (1998) – Formative assessment research shows that timely checks for understanding significantly improve learning outcomes.
Behaviour, routines & classroom culture
- Tom Bennett: Running the Room – Argues that routines must be explicitly taught and consistently reinforced to create calm, predictable learning environments.
- Doug Lemov: Teach Like a Champion – Provides practical strategies such as exit tickets, lesson previews, and structured dismissals to strengthen lesson endings.
- Rosenshine (2012) – Principles of Instruction highlight the importance of reviewing learning, checking for understanding, and providing guided practice.
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Posted By Angela McLean,
03 March 2026
Updated: 02 March 2026
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Angela McLean, Curriculum Innovation Lead, Holme Grange School
In our recent school development sessions, we've been focusing on a single, powerful goal: making talk as structured and rigorous as writing. By moving away from hands-up participation and toward the ABC talk system, we are ensuring that every pupil (from EYFS to KS4) has the tools to articulate, build, and challenge ideas.
Why oracy? Why now?
Our oracy intent is clear: we want pupils to use talk to deepen understanding. We've adopted the mantra: Teachers explicitly teach spoken language to support thinking and learning. This isn't just about being "chatty"; it's about academic precision.
The ABC routine
The heart of our work revolves around three simple roles that provide a non-negotiable routine for every classroom:
- Add: Introducing a new idea or piece of evidence.
- Build: Connecting or extending what someone else has said.
- Challenge: Respectfully questioning an idea or offering a justified alternative.
Policy into practice
Since we began this work in early January, we have developed a suite of resources to ensure this isn't just a policy on a shelf:
- Phase-specific scaffolds: We created tiered sentence stems (see link below). EYFS focus on simple "I think" statements, while KS4 students are now using academic phrases like "An alternative interpretation could be..."
- Staff CPD: We have explored ways in which to bring this talk structure into every classroom across every phase, asked teachers to audit their classrooms, and are rolling out sentence stems posters to ensure they are visible and that the teacher-as-facilitator model is the norm.
- Low-workload implementation: We recognised that for this to work, it must be sustainable. Our current model asks for just one ABC question per lesson and 2- 5 minutes of structured talk.
Inclusion at the heart
Perhaps the most vital part of our January work was the focus on SEND-adapted talk. By introducing visual cue cards, think time (or use of think-pair-share), and pre-rehearsal strategies, we are ensuring that oracy is a tool for equity, not a barrier.
Looking ahead
As we move forward, our oracy charter reminds us: Challenge the idea, not the person. We are now looking at how this high-quality talk translates directly into improved written outcomes, proving that if they can say it, they can write it.
Additional reading and resources:
Download File (PDF)
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Posted By Leonie Briggs,
03 March 2026
Updated: 02 March 2026
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In an education landscape filled with competing priorities, shifting policies and constant online commentary, it can sometimes feel as though value is linked to visibility. But in classrooms and schools, credibility isn’t built by volume. It’s built through consistent, evidence-informed practice that helps young people think deeply, ask better questions and develop confidence in their abilities.
At Amazelab, we work with schools to create STEAM experiences that prioritise clarity, curiosity and genuine understanding. Across that work, one lesson comes up time and time again: credibility grows when we slow down, strip away the noise and focus on what actually helps students learn.
Below are five practical ways that schools can build credibility into their STEAM, helping to create sustainability and long-term impact:
1. Prioritise clear, purposeful communication
STEAM subjects can quickly become overwhelming for learners if instructions, explanations or expectations aren’t clear. Whether you are introducing a practical activity or unpacking a complex concept, all students will benefit from structured, concise communication.
Try:
- Breaking instructions into short, sequential steps
- Using multiple modalities (diagram + demonstration + verbal explanation)
- Checking for understanding through low-stakes methods such as mini whiteboards or thumbs-up checks.
Clear communication doesn’t just support learning; it models scientific thinking. Students will absorb the message that clarity and precision matter, not performance or speed.
2. Make evidence the anchor of every activity
Young people live in a world filled with claims, opinions and information presented with confidence but not always with accuracy. STEAM education gives them the tools to navigate that world effectively.
When we encourage learners to test their ideas, challenge their assumptions and evaluate the results, we show them that evidence matters much more than noise.
In practice, this might look like:
- Asking students to justify their answers, not just present them
- Encouraging discussion around “What surprised you?” or “What would you test next?”
- Affirming that getting things wrong is part of the process and not a performance failure.
These routines build scientific habits and, over time, students are able to grasp the idea that credibility is earned through investigation and reflection.
3. Celebrate process, not just outcomes
It is easy for STEAM to become product-focused – the finished model, the correct graph, the successful experiment – but this can lead students to prioritise speed or appearance over understanding.
Highlighting the process itself reframes STEAM as a space for thinking, exploring and iterating.
Ways to shift the focus:
- Display your students’ “workings out”, their early drafts or prototypes
- Ensure that you provide time for students to revisit and refine their ideas
- Use questions such as “What did you change?” or “What would you keep the same next time?”
This approach not only strengthens learning but also reduces the pressure to “get it right first time”, which is especially important for high prior attainers who may fear making mistakes.
4. Build credibility through consistency
Whether in a single lesson or across a whole school approach, consistency builds trust. Students feel more secure and more able to take intellectual risks when routines and expectations are stable.
Examples include:
- The regular use of retrieval practice to reinforce long-term memory
- Consistent practical expectations for safe and successful experiments
- Developing a common language around problem-solving across subjects.
When your students know what to expect, they can focus on learning instead of navigating the unknown. Over time, this steady consistency sends a powerful message: your classroom is a place where thinking matters.
5. Model the quieter version of success
In an age of filtered perfection, instant gratification and noisy online debate, the classroom can serve as a grounding alternative. Teachers modelling calm problem solving, measured responses and curiosity shows students that another route to success is one built on integrity rather than performance.
You might model this by:
- Demonstrating thinking aloud through a challenging problem
- Showcasing how scientists continually revise their approaches
- Sharing your own learning journey or questions.
This humanises STEAM and shows students that expertise grows slowly and steadily.
Conclusion: credibility compounds over time
When we strip away the noise and focus on communication, evidence, process and consistency, we create STEAM environments where students thrive. These approaches may be quieter, but they are far more sustainable. They help young people see that success isn’t about being the loudest, it’s about thinking well, working carefully and trusting the process.
In Amazelab’s work with schools, such principles underpin every workshop and activity that we design. They offer students not just STEAM knowledge, but a mindset that will support them long after they leave the classroom.
About the author
 Leonie Briggs is a science teacher, STEAM lead, STEM Ambassador, CREST Assessor and Director of Amazelab. With a varied background in STEM – ranging from veterinary and general practice to orthopaedics – she eventually discovered her passion for education and has held various roles as a primary, secondary, post-16 and alternative provision teacher specialising in science and chemistry.
Leonie’s dedication has won her multiple accolades, including ‘Outstanding New STEM Ambassador’ (STEM Inspiration Awards 2022), nominations for the Global Teacher Prize (2021) and the National Teaching Awards (2022), recognition as one of the UK’s Top 100 Female Entrepreneurs (2025) and a Green Growth Awards finalist (2025).
Under her leadership, Amazelab has won UK Enterprise Awards for STEAM Education (2023 & 2024), Start-Up Business of the Year (2022) and STEAM Education Platform of the Year (2025).
Her book Make Your Own Rainbow is available from Crown House Publishing, which offers a discount for NACE members. For details of this and other current offers, check out our member offers page.
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Posted By Anthony Cockerill,
03 February 2026
Updated: 02 February 2026
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How can we support more able learners in the English classroom?
English teachers must move beyond superficial forms of challenge and devise sequences of lessons that genuinely push, inspire and develop more able learners – says Anthony Cockerill, Director of the National Association for the Teaching of English (NATE).
Teachers often rely on strategies that appear to support our most able learners but in reality do little to deepen their thinking. Giving students ‘extra work’ or ‘extension tasks’ can create the comforting illusion of challenge while preventing them from reaching their potential.
These surface-level approaches might tick boxes or keep students busy, but they fail to offer the intellectual stretch and rigour that truly cultivates high attainment. It’s helpful to think more carefully about how we can support more able students at each stage of the learning process.
What are our students learning?
Expose learners to ambitious, complex texts and concepts.
Choose material that stretches students beyond the typical diet of set texts – and this doesn’t necessarily mean totems of the literary canon – so they wrestle with sophisticated ideas, unfamiliar structures and rich language that demands sustained intellectual effort.
Build deep disciplinary knowledge.
Expose students to the debates, contexts and theoretical lenses that shape the discipline of English. By introducing ideas from literary criticism, history, philosophy and politics, we enable learners to see themselves as active participants in wider conversations about texts and culture.
Teach sophisticated language, stylistic and rhetorical devices.
Develop students’ ability to speak and write with precision, control and flair, explicitly teaching the stylistic tools, rhetorical techniques and academic vocabulary used by expert writers so that students can communicate nuanced thinking with confidence and authority.
How are our students learning?
Offer open-ended, creative and evaluative tasks.
Plan learning activities that require students to make choices, experiment with ideas and justify their thinking – for example, writing pastiches, crafting alternative interpretations, or expressing a point of view in an engaging and original way.
Integrate reading, writing, speaking and listening.
Ensure students encounter concepts through an equity of exposure to the traditional four modalities of the English classroom. They might debate an idea orally, explore it through analytical writing, respond creatively, and then listen to expert voices – each mode strengthening and expanding their conceptual understanding.
Provide deliberate practice using style models, exemplars and scaffolds.
Use carefully chosen examples of excellent writing to unpick what makes it effective, draw attention to the writer’s craft, and then ask students to imitate and adapt high-level techniques before gradually removing support as their proficiency grows.
How can we support learning?
Model strategies, vocabulary and thought processes.
Make your own thinking explicit by narrating how you approach a complex task – selecting vocabulary, crafting sentences, making inferences, evaluating interpretations – so that students can internalise and practise the habits that underpin successful creative and analytical work.
Differentiate by depth, not volume.
Plan challenge through increased complexity – such as tackling ambiguous ideas, experimenting with form, or synthesising multiple viewpoints – rather than through additional tasks that may simply consume time without enhancing cognitive demand.
Develop agency and structures for independence, rather than relying on PEE paragraphs and similar mnemonics.
Provide high-challenge frameworks, sentence stems or structural guides that encourage students to construct thoughtful, original arguments; over time, weaning them off reductive formulae like PEE so that their writing becomes flexible, mature and authentic.
What do our students do to show progress?
Encourage them to produce work that reflects increasing sophistication, originality and nuance.
Look for growing control, creativity and ambition in how students communicate ideas – for example, through more daring interpretations, subtle shifts in tone, or inventive stylistic choices that show ownership over their writing and thinking.
Help them to demonstrate critical, evaluative thinking through discussion and writing.
Encourage students to interrogate texts and ideas actively – weighing evidence, questioning assumptions, and problematising simplistic readings – so that their viewpoints become more layered, exploratory and confident over time.
Let them articulate and use knowledge verbally.
Give students frequent opportunities to articulate their thinking out loud – in classroom discussion, debates or hot-seating – enabling them to develop academic and creative oracy, rehearse complex ideas and strengthen their command of subject-specific language.
How should our students receive feedback?
Give precise, personalised formative feedback focusing on stretch and refinement.
Rather than merely correcting mistakes, feedback should target what a student needs to do to move forward – pointing towards greater complexity, precision, or stylistic control.
Use dialogue – verbal questioning, conferencing, and live marking.
Respond in real time wherever possible, using probing questions and quick conversations to deepen understanding, unsettle complacency and move learners forward while they are still ‘in the zone’ of thinking.
Facilitate critique of models and peer feedback.
Train students to evaluate work (their own and others’) against ambitious, explicit criteria that has even been agreed in advance as part of the learning process – so that they come to understand effective writing and so they can engage critically and constructively in the improvement process.
Final thoughts
Ultimately, supporting more able learners in English is not about doing more, but doing more thoughtfully. Many of these suggestions reflect effective teaching for learners of all abilities. But by embedding genuine challenge into our curriculum, pedagogy and feedback, we can offer our students the chance to think deeply, work independently and engage with rich ideas.
Find out more…
Join us on Tuesday 17th March 2026 for a free live webinar with the author of this blog post, Anthony Cockerill, Director of the National Association for the Teaching of English (NATE). During the session, Anthony will share examples of how the strategies discussed above can be implemented in practice, with opportunity for Q&A. Read more and register.
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Posted By Nettlesworth Primary School,
02 February 2026
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5 steps to create an inclusive and challenging curriculum
Donna Lee, Headteacher of Nettlesworth Primary School, County Durham
Designing a curriculum that is both inclusive and challenging is essential for ensuring every learner thrives. At Nettlesworth Primary School, we’ve worked hard to create an approach that raises expectations for all while celebrating diversity and individual strengths. Here’s our five-step plan, with practical examples from our journey.
Step 1: Start with a clear vision
An inclusive and challenging curriculum begins with a shared vision. Define what ‘inclusive’ and ‘challenging’ mean in your context. For us, inclusivity means every child feels valued and supported, regardless of ability, background, or need. Challenge means providing opportunities for deep thinking and problem-solving. Our school aims to provide all children with a well-planned and balanced education taking full account of national curriculum statutory requirements. Within the bounds of this we also provide for individual children’s special needs which may require more challenging work or additional help. We ensure there is a whole-school commitment and a clear focus to providing for more able, gifted and talented pupils. We provide pupils with a wide range of experiences and opportunities individualised to their personal needs and interests. Parents are closely involved in the education of their child and are consulted about their provision.
Example: We held an inset day looking at developing our curriculum further to meet the individual needs of our children where staff and governors contributed ideas. Pupils created posters in a whole-school workshop showing what ‘challenge’ looks like in their learning –many highlighted resilience and curiosity rather than just ‘hard work.’ This helped us shape a vision that everyone understood and owned.
Step 2: Audit and adapt your curriculum
Once your vision is clear, review your curriculum through the lens of inclusivity and challenge. Ask:
Does every subject offer opportunities for higher-order thinking?
Are resources and texts representative of diverse cultures and perspectives?
Do we provide scaffolds for those who need support without capping expectations?
Example: During our curriculum audit, we made sure there were opportunities planned for the ability to think critically about history and communicate ideas confidently to a range of audiences; the ability to support, evaluate and challenge their own and others’ views using historical evidence from a range of sources; and the ability to think, reflect, debate, discuss and evaluate the past by formulating and refining questions and lines of enquiry. In maths, we added reasoning challenges to every lesson – such as ‘Explain why this method works’ –to deepen understanding.
Step 3: Embed differentiation and personalisation
Adaptive teaching isn’t about giving ‘more work’ to some and ‘less work’ to others. It’s about designing tasks that allow multiple entry points and varied outcomes.
Example: In Year 4 science, when exploring electricity, pupils could choose how to present their findings: a diagram, a written explanation, or a short video. This allowed all learners to access the challenge while showcasing their strengths.
Step 4: Foster a culture of high expectations
Curriculum design alone won’t create challenge unless it’s supported by a culture that values effort, resilience, and growth.
Example: We use growth mindset and games values to celebrate pupils who take risks and learn from mistakes. In maths, learn from each other and share our learning – pupils share an error they made and explain what they learned from it. This normalises mistakes and encourages reflection. Parents are involved too: we run workshops on growth mindset so the message continues at home.
Step 5: Review, reflect, and refine
Creating an inclusive and challenging curriculum is an ongoing process. Schedule regular reviews using data, observations, and feedback.
Example: Each term, we hold curriculum review meetings where staff share successes and challenges. Recently, feedback showed pupils wanted more collaborative tasks, so we introduced ‘Think-Pair-Share’ and group problem-solving in maths. We also use NACE’s audit tools annually to benchmark progress and set new goals.
Final thoughts
An inclusive and challenging curriculum isn’t about doing more; it’s about doing better. By following these five steps – vision, audit, differentiation, culture, and review – you can create a learning environment where every child feels included and inspired to achieve their best.
About the author
Donna Lee is committed to the highest standards of teaching and learning and believes that all children deserve teachers who believe in them and have high expectations of all. She has been an Inclusion Coordinator for over 25 years; inclusion and individualised learning were the focus for an MA in Special Educational Needs and NPQH. Donna believes you work in partnership with parents to develop a school where no one fails; every child leaves having identified a talent, a skill, an intelligence through which they can become whatever they want to be. She shares this belief and expertise through network meetings and conferences throughout the North East.
In 2013-2014, Donna led Nettlesworth Primary School as Acting Deputy Headteacher in obtaining the NACE Challenge Award for the first time. She then became Headteacher of the school in January 2018, immediately leading the team through an Ofsted inspection, where they continue to be a good school. She has also led the school through NACE re-accreditation assessments in July 2018, July 2021 and 2024 – now as a NACE Ambassador School.
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Posted By Carlton Junior and Infant School,
02 February 2026
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Beyond the silence: recognising more able learners within EAL
Misba Mir, Deputy Headteacher at Carlton Junior and Infant School, on the importance of recognising the abilities of EAL learners, ensuring that language proficiency does not become the lens through which all other abilities are judged.
In many classrooms, there are pupils who think deeply, notice patterns quickly and make sophisticated connections, but whose abilities can easily be overlooked. This is especially true for learners who use English as an additional language (EAL). Too often, language proficiency becomes the lens through which all other abilities are judged. When that happens, we risk missing talent that is present, active and quietly waiting to be recognised.
I’ve worked with EAL learners for years, and one of the most persistent challenges I’ve seen is how easily ability can be underestimated. A child who struggles to explain their thinking in English may still be reasoning at a high level. Another may grasp abstract concepts instantly but lack the vocabulary to show it in conventional ways. When we rely too heavily on spoken or written English to identify ability, we narrow our view and some of our most able learners slip under the radar.
Recognising more able learners within EAL populations matters for two main reasons.
- First, it’s an issue of equity. All learners deserve to be challenged, stretched and supported appropriately.
- Second, it’s about potential. When ability goes unnoticed, learners may disengage, lose confidence or internalise the idea that they are “behind”, when in reality they are anything but.
One of the key difficulties is separating language acquisition from cognitive ability. Learning a new language is demanding. It takes time, exposure and confidence. During that process, learners may appear hesitant, quiet or even passive. But silence does not equal lack of understanding. I’ve seen pupils solve complex problems mentally while struggling to explain their reasoning aloud. Others demonstrate advanced thinking through gestures, drawings or their first language – but this will only be recognised if we are willing to look.
How can we successfully look beyond language to successfully identify and support more able EAL learners?
Close observation is key
More able EAL learners often show their strengths in subtle ways. They may pick up routines quickly, transfer knowledge from one context to another or ask insightful questions using limited language. Some show creativity in problem-solving, finding alternative ways to complete tasks when language becomes a barrier. These are all indicators of high ability, even if they don’t fit neatly into standard assessment frameworks.
Go beyond traditional testing
Assessment itself can be a stressful stumbling block. Traditional tests often measure language more than understanding. For EAL learners, especially those new to English, this can mask what they truly know. Identifying more able learners requires flexibility: using visual tasks, practical activities, discussion in pairs, or opportunities to respond through diagrams or models. When pupils are given multiple ways to demonstrate understanding, ability becomes clearer and easier to correctly identify.
Challenge assumptions
It’s easy, often unconsciously, to associate fluency with intelligence. Learners who speak confidently and use advanced vocabulary are more likely to be seen as able, while those still developing their English may be placed in lower groups or given simplified work. Over time, this can limit access to challenge. More able EAL learners may spend too long consolidating basics they mastered long ago, simply because they haven’t yet mastered the language of instruction.
Adopt a strengths-based mindset
Instead of focusing on what learners can’t yet do in English, we should be asking:
- What can they do?
- What do they understand?
- Where do they show curiosity, speed of learning, or depth of thinking?
For many EAL learners, strengths may lie in mathematics, science, pattern recognition, music or strategic thinking. Language may catch up later but only if those strengths are nurtured, not ignored.
Offer cognitive challenge alongside support
Supporting more able EAL learners isn’t about pushing them faster through language learning. It’s about offering cognitive challenge alongside language support. This might mean providing richer tasks with scaffolding, encouraging use of first language as a thinking tool or allowing learners to work with peers who stretch their thinking. Challenge and accessibility can and should exist together.
Consider the impact on wellbeing
There’s also a pastoral component to this work. Being identified as able can have a powerful impact on a learner’s self-image. For EAL learners, who may already feel different or unsure of their place, recognition can be transformative. I’ve seen pupils’ confidence grow when their abilities are acknowledged, even in small ways. That confidence often feeds back into language learning, participation and risk-taking.
Key takeaways
Ultimately, recognising more able learners among EAL pupils requires us to slow down and look more carefully. It asks us to question usual habits of assessment, to listen beyond words, and to remain open to different expressions of ability. It’s not about lowering expectations because language is a barrier; it’s about raising expectations while removing that barrier.
When we get this right, everyone benefits. Learners feel seen. Classrooms become more inclusive and we move closer to an education system that values thinking as much as talking. Ability doesn’t disappear when language is developing because it simply finds new ways to show itself. Our job is to notice and make a difference.
About the author
Misba Mir is a Deputy Headteacher, English Lead and Year 6 Teacher at Carlton Junior and Infant School, West Yorkshire, with over 14 years of teaching experience. She leads on curriculum development and school-wide challenge, ensuring high standards, ambition and engagement for all pupils. Misba is passionate about fostering a positive learning culture, supporting staff development, and preparing pupils for success academically, socially and emotionally. Carlton Junior and Infant School has held the NACE Challenge Award since 2020 and is an active member of the NACE community.
Tags:
access
cognitive challenge
EAL
identification
inclusion
myths and misconceptions
oracy
vocabulary
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Posted By Dr Richard Bustin,
02 February 2026
Updated: 02 February 2026
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Curriculum making: bringing an ambitious knowledge-rich curriculum to life
The Curriculum and Assessment Review published in late 2025 (DfE) sets out a bold and ambitious role for the English curriculum. As the report asserts:
“The refreshed curriculum must provide the knowledge and skills that will empower young people to thrive as citizens, in work and throughout life, in the light of the challenges and opportunities facing them today.” (p.47)
Realising this ambition in practice requires teachers to focus on what they are teaching, with an understanding of how our subject knowledge and skills can be empowering for young people. This means we need to think about knowledge less as a means to get through an exam, and more as a way to enable students to be productive, creative citizens of the modern world.
A curriculum is much more than a set of learning objectives or facts on a page. ‘Curriculum making’ describes the deliberate process that a teacher goes through to bring a curriculum to life. There are three main considerations, modelled by the overlapping circles in Figure 1: the subject, the student and the choices teachers make.

Figure 1: Curriculum making – from Bustin (2024), p.73, based on Lambert and Morgan (2010)
The first consideration is the subject discipline itself. This includes the knowledge, skills and values that make up each school subject. The sort of knowledge that is inherent in this type of curriculum thinking is not an inert list of facts but is ‘powerful’ knowledge, a term from the work of Michael Young (e.g. 2008). This type of knowledge has derived from the disciplined thinking that comes from engagement with a school subject; it is the ‘best’ scholarly thought that has been developed within that particular discipline but is never a given as it can be replaced by better knowledge as more research is done.
Powerful knowledge can include substantive knowledge – the claims of truth made by a subject; and procedural knowledge – knowing how to think with and through the subject, which often leads to distinctive subject-specific skills. Access to this sort of ambitious knowledge should be seen as a minimum curricular entitlement for all young people. Indeed, the Curriculum and Assessment Review contends that:
“a curriculum centred on ‘powerful knowledge’ provides a shared frame of reference for children and young people from different backgrounds, enabling them to engage more effectively with issues affecting them and the world around them.” (p.45)
My own research with over 200 teachers across three schools, published in What are we Teaching? Powerful knowledge and a capabilities curriculum (Bustin, 2024) identifies how powerful knowledge might be expressed in different subjects across the curriculum.
A second consideration of curriculum making is the lived experiences of the young people themselves. Teachers understand their pupils, their motivations and their prior knowledge, which can be drawn upon to develop engaging lessons. Students’ own life experiences can also be a meaningful starting point for engagement.
The third consideration of curriculum making is teacher choices. Subject-specialist teachers are best placed to decide on the most appropriate pedagogy. This could include introducing more active learning activities, direct instruction, deliberate practice or factual recall. What is clear is that a lesson cannot be an ‘off the shelf’ presentation sent out to all teachers to deliver uncritically. Instead, it should involve a careful selection of content, framed for that particular class at that particular time. A lesson first thing on a Monday morning might look different to the same lesson taught on Friday afternoon.
It is the centre point of the diagram above where the possibilities of curriculum making can be realised. Teachers make choices about what to teach, and how to teach it, and it is through engagement with the powerful knowledge of subjects that students can develop capabilities to see the world in new ways: to spot fake news, to understand nuance in complex debates, to think critically and become autonomous, free-thinking individuals. Subject-specialist teachers, given the autonomy to design their own lessons and decide on their own pedagogy, are key to realising this vision.
References:
Bustin, R. (2024). What are we Teaching? Powerful knowledge and a capabilities curriculum. Carmarthen: Crown House.
Department for Education (2025). Curriculum and Assessment review. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/curriculum-and-assessment-review-final-report. Accessed December 2025.
Lambert, D. and Morgan, J. (2010). Teaching Geography 11-18: a conceptual approach. Maidenhead: Open University.
Young, M. (2008). Bringing knowledge back in: from social constructivism to social realism in the sociology of education. Abingdon: Routledge.
 About the author
Dr Richard Bustin is Director of Pedagogy, Innovation and Staff Development and Head of Geography at Lancing College, UK. He is the author of What are we teaching? Powerful knowledge and a capabilities curriculum – available now from Crown House.
For discounts on this and all purchases from Crown House Publishing, log in for details of all NACE member offers.
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curriculum
pedagogy
powerful knowledge
student voice
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Posted By Matt Kingston,
02 February 2026
Updated: 02 February 2026
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AI and adaptive teaching: embracing the challenge
Matt Kingston, Curriculum Innovation Lead, Holme Grange School
Holme Grange’s teaching and learning focus this year has been adaptive teaching, a priority that brings with it many of the same challenges faced by schools nationwide. One of the most significant barriers has been the time required to create adapted resources that meet individual pupil needs.
Most teachers can recall spending hours preparing resources, only for unexpected issues such as IT failures, printer jams, or a difficult lesson to undermine the best of intentions. As a result, many teachers have relied heavily on in-class adaptations to ensure accessibility – inevitably an uphill struggle.
However, the emergence of new technologies has begun to shift this balance, offering teachers ways to maintain both their wellbeing and their ability to provide accessible, high-quality resources for all pupils.
This year, we have undertaken a focused exploration of how artificial intelligence (AI) can be used to support adaptive teaching, enabling all pupils to access the curriculum and work towards shared learning goals across a range of subjects. We began on a small scale, working within departments to adapt resources efficiently for diverse learners. This approach demonstrated a clear positive impact, giving us the confidence to begin rolling it out across the whole school.
Our starting point was a staff audit designed to understand how AI was already being used and how it was perceived. The overall response was positive, but three key concerns emerged. Only 11% of staff were using AI to adapt resources; there were significant worries about its impact on pupils’ critical thinking; and concerns around cheating were widespread.
The latter two concerns are being addressed through careful task design. If a task can be easily completed using AI and is difficult to detect, then it is worth questioning its educational value. As AI becomes harder to identify and increasingly difficult to restrict, particularly in homework settings, we have shifted our focus towards designing AI-resistant tasks. These include activities where pupils must defend their opinions, record voice notes to explain their thinking, or engage in flipped learning that is assessed in class using mini-whiteboards. By requiring pupils to articulate and justify their ideas, we strengthen critical thinking while making it harder to outsource learning to AI. Rather than viewing AI as a barrier, we are using it as an opportunity to refine our curriculum and teaching approaches.
In line with our school learning policy on adaptive teaching, it quickly became clear that there was a skills gap among staff when it came to using AI effectively. Our first step was raising awareness of how AI could be used safely and purposefully. This was introduced during an INSET session, where staff were presented with three practical strategies for using AI to support adaptive teaching. Each strategy included guidance on accessibility and impact, strengths and limitations, and example prompts tailored to specific learning needs.
For many staff, this session served as a reminder of AI’s potential. For others who had previously been hesitant, it provided the confidence to begin experimenting with new approaches. This was followed by a second session aimed at beginners, covering the fundamentals of prompt writing, data protection, and key risks such as GDPR breaches and AI ‘hallucinations’. The response was again very positive. While a full staff audit will be conducted later in the year, early indicators suggest a noticeable increase in staff using AI to support resource adaptation. This work will be reinforced through fortnightly ‘quick wins’ shared during staff briefings and in the weekly bulletin.
One of the most significant challenges AI has introduced relates to student use. Concerns around cheating were not unfounded, with pupils openly discussing their use of AI tools to complete notes and homework tasks. However, as AI will inevitably form part of students’ future lives, a blanket ban would do little to prepare them for what lies ahead.
Instead, we are focusing on educating pupils about appropriate and effective use. We are currently trialling a Year 9 tutor programme to explore how structured guidance impacts students’ understanding and use of AI. This programme covers how AI works, the risks it poses to learning, how it can be used positively, and what the future of AI may look like. Alongside this, we are piloting small-scale projects such as subject-specific GPTs that pupils are permitted to use independently. These tools are designed to guide thinking rather than provide answers, helping pupils to use AI as a learning aid rather than a shortcut.
Ultimately, this approach relies on pupils choosing to use AI responsibly. Developing this mindset will take time and ongoing dialogue. To support this, we will continue gathering feedback through staff audits, research, and CPD, while also establishing a digital student council to give pupils a voice in shaping how AI is used within the school.
We are still at the very beginning of a long journey with AI. However, the willingness of both staff and pupils to engage thoughtfully with this challenge has been encouraging, making what could be a daunting task an exciting opportunity for meaningful change.
Holme Grange School, Wokingham, has been accredited with the NACE Challenge Award since 2013, and is a NACE Challenge Ambassador School.
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critical thinking
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Posted By Julie Sargent,
05 January 2026
Updated: 07 January 2026
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As celebrations for the National Year of Reading 2026 get going, English Consultant Julie Sargent shares her pick of five picture books to inspire your KS1 learners…
In the current climate, there is a clear and welcome focus on securing key foundational skills for our younger children. Automaticity in both word reading and transcriptional skills helps children access a wide range of texts and share their ideas through writing.
Rich, authentic texts are a vital part of provision; they promote the pleasure and purpose of reading, deepening understanding of texts and exploring the craft of the writer. Yet in primary schools, it seems as if the purpose of reading is to answer questions correctly about a text, and writing is about producing a ‘type’ of text. The reality is that we read to escape, relate, explore and discover, and when writing, we think far more about what we want to say, why we want to say it and how best to get our meaning across.
Working alongside many schools and trusts, I often talk about the importance of ‘creating writers, not writing’; the same applies to reading – we need to create real ‘readers’. High-quality texts allow us to do exactly that.
At Opening Doors, we believe challenge is for everyone, and access is key. By using high challenge, low threat strategies, every child can develop fully as a reader and a writer, including our younger learners.
Here are five texts to get you started…
The Last Wolf by Mini Grey
Little Red ventures into the woods to catch a wolf in this humorous twist on the traditional tale of Little Red Riding Hood, featuring important environmental messages.
Ideas to engage and challenge:
- When predicting, young children often focus on getting it right. However, authors often deliberately lead readers towards one thing before surprising them with something quite unexpected. Here, Little Red stalks what looks very much like a rabbit, but turns out to be something quite different. The reader is caught out! Another potential creature is spotted. Will the reader be caught out again, or will they be wise; there is more to the image than meets the eye? As readers, we wonder, notice, speculate, connect and take pleasure in being surprised and shocked as events unfold. Explore those ‘red herrings’ and the enjoyment of getting it wrong. Can we spot ‘red herrings’ in other stories? As we develop as writers, maybe we can include some?
- Why do we sense impending danger as Little Red travels through the forest? Darkening pictures, word choices, strange sounds, the size of our heroine, unanswered questions and broken up sentences all add to the tension. Is there danger? Or is this another ‘red herring’?
- Relish the vocabulary; alongside some great words to explore (‘supplies’, ‘lurked’ etc.), there are also some unusual and potentially unfamiliar phrases: ‘the good old days’, ‘world was awash’, ‘a square meal’, ‘pickings are slim’.
- Take making connections to other texts one step further. This author has made very deliberate links with another text. What connotations can be made by the inclusion of certain characters, the play on a name, the use of colour or a well-known phrase? All this brings to mind prior knowledge and perhaps more ‘red herrings’ – wolves should be dangerous! Over time, you might like to spot other stories that play on these links. Good Little Wolf by Nadia Shireen and A Tale of Two Beasts by Fiona Robertson are good examples.
- And why not have some playful fun with writing? Perhaps children could create a lunchbox for the wolf for Little Red’s next visit? Maybe they could write about a wolf chasing/hunting a sandwich/chocolate bar for their dinner?
The Secret Forest by Sandra Dieckmann
This interactive text invites readers to spot hidden secrets while journeying through the forest, meeting creatures and discovering fascinating information about life in the forest.
Ideas to engage and challenge:
- The author continually engages with the reader, asking them to do something, notice something or on one occasion, sing an owl duet! Command sentences instruct the reader to notice something or warn of imminent danger. To be a great writer, sentences are crafted for the reader; we can show them how this is done.
- Adverbs of time are often covered in KS1. How many pieces of writing do we see that use the words first, then, next etc.? This book contains some delightful phrases that show the time of day: ‘in the twilight of late evening’, and ‘the morning sun is rising’. Why not collate these, model new ones and generate some together? They can be used orally to talk about time and events. Developing this over time is likely to lead into natural application within writing.
The Incredible Book Eating Boy by Oliver Jeffers
A humorous tale with an important message: read books, don’t eat them. Henry loves eating books and gets cleverer with each bite, but it doesn’t end well. He learns that reading is the better way (or does he?).
Ideas to engage and challenge:
- Explore engaging ways that stories are shared. The opening paragraph connects the author and reader through a shared interest and implies something slightly different about our main character. Sentence openers weave the magic of stories: ‘It all began quite by mistake…’, ‘Then, after a while, and almost by accident…’. Note other books that acknowledge the reader, other openers that build the story. These could be used in any retelling or creation of stories.
- Alongside fascinating illustrations, the author uses unexpected features – a labelled diagram to explain a process, a footnote to explain an unfamiliar word – typically seen in non-fiction. Discuss where else these features might be found and explore Jeffers’ other books to see if you can find any similar features.
- Take some time to look at the blurb. What is a disclaimer? Why might the reader need a disclaimer? The short, one-line reviews are very cleverly worded, playing on words like ‘devour’ and ‘mouthwatering’, exploiting the meaning of these words in different contexts. Try ‘digest’ and ‘feast’. How can they be used in a non-food context?
- Explore endings with a twist. We discover Henry, quietly reading a book, but what about that last line, and the mysterious poster/book? And what has happened to the back cover? Why might an author do this at the end of a book? What other stories have a ‘twist’ at the end?
The Big Book of the Blue by Yuval Zommer
This engaging, informative non-fiction text explores the ocean through fascinating illustrations and cleverly presented facts. With fiction, we often respond to the text by exploring our reactions; why not explore the delight of discovery alongside knowledge?
Ideas to engage and challenge:
- The first subheading on each page asks a question a reader might wonder about, often addressing potential misconceptions such as ‘Is a jellyfish made from jelly?’ Other subheadings use clever techniques such as playing on words: ‘In for the krill’ and ‘Good eye-dea’. There’s a great opportunity here for collecting these and linking them to the original phrase, thus developing knowledge of well-used phrases and idioms. You can also explore short, snappy subheadings, the use of alliteration and how the first subheading flows directly into the opening sentence (‘A crab says hello by…’), leaving the reader intrigued to read on.
- Another effective way of sharing information is using the language of comparison. Understanding is developed through showing a slight difference or an unusual link with something the reader is likely to know about. Pick out phrases such as ‘slippery as butter’, ‘looks like a flower’ to demonstrate this. Make links with writing; if your reader didn’t know what something was, what comparisons could you make?
- The Fishy Phrases page provides an excellent example for teaching children subject-specific words and how these ‘expert’ words are used in information texts. Perhaps children could revisit other pages in the book and see if they can spot any ‘expert’ words!
I’ve yet to do the sardine challenge (posed for the reader at the beginning of the book) but I’m sure many children will be keen to have a go!
Nimesh the Adventurer by Ranjit Singh, illustrated by Mehrdokht Amini
A glorious text exploring the delight of using your imagination to have adventures wherever you are. It might be a school corridor, or is it the ocean depths – a place for daring adventures!
Finally, below is just a taster of what you can do with this book, as I’ve used it to create our first ever Opening Doors unit for reception and KS1. There are opportunities for:
- Oral, creative retelling of journeys
- Creating illustrations to ‘hint’ at adventures
- Building sentences to explore concepts
- Consideration to play and enhanced continuous provision
- A range of ‘wings to fly’ opportunities, accessible for all learners
If you’d like to explore this unit in full and deepen your understanding of the Opening Doors approach, you can purchase the unit via TES, and read more about Opening Doors.
Julie Sargent has over 10 years’ experience of working across the whole of the primary sector as an English Consultant. This includes developing bespoke CPD for individual schools, multi-academy trusts and local authorities. She has a particular interest in Early Years/KS1 and using high-quality texts to promote and develop all aspects of English. Read more about Julie, and follow her @Julie_Sargent1
Tags:
book reviews
English
KS1
primary
reading
year of reading
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